diff --git a/03-Architecture-Hardware/2026-09-02_Drogheda_v6-Copper-Plan_Placement-EMC-Guide.html b/03-Architecture-Hardware/2026-09-02_Drogheda_v6-Copper-Plan_Placement-EMC-Guide.html index 04311c9..08840da 100644 --- a/03-Architecture-Hardware/2026-09-02_Drogheda_v6-Copper-Plan_Placement-EMC-Guide.html +++ b/03-Architecture-Hardware/2026-09-02_Drogheda_v6-Copper-Plan_Placement-EMC-Guide.html @@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ ul{padding-left:20px} li{margin:4px 0} .tag{font-family:"Archivo",sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;padding:2px 7px;border-radius:99px;border:1px solid var(--copper);color:var(--copper);white-space:nowrap} .tag.q{border-color:var(--plane);color:var(--plane)} +.d{font-family:"Archivo",sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.05em;padding:1px 6px;border-radius:99px;white-space:nowrap} +.d1{background:var(--crit-soft);color:var(--crit)} +.d2{background:var(--copper-soft);color:var(--copper)} +.d3{background:var(--plane-soft);color:var(--plane)} +tr.own td{font-family:"Archivo",sans-serif;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--copper);border-bottom:2px solid var(--copper);padding-top:18px;white-space:normal} a{color:var(--plane)}
@@ -122,11 +127,11 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}
- + - - - + + +
RefValueBelongs toPlacement
C149 C1502.2 µF/100 VU25 VIN2–3 mm from pins 2/7; the hot loop
C151100 µF/50 Vinput bulkright behind C149/C150
C151100 µF/50 VU25 input bulkright behind C149/C150
C152100 nFU25 BOOTdirectly across pins 1–8
C153 C15447 µF/16 V5 V outputat L22 output; FB tap (R121) here, not at the inductor
D34B560Ccatch diodeanode ground ties straight into C149/C150 ground
D32SMCJ33Asurge clampbetween Q23 and the input caps, short fat ties
C153 C15447 µF/16 VU25 5 V outputat L22 output; FB tap (R121) here, not at the inductor
D34B560CU25 catch diodeanode ground ties straight into C149/C150 ground
D32SMCJ33AU25 input surge clampbetween Q23 and the input caps, short fat ties
R120 · R123 C155 C156 · R121 R122 · R124 R125RT · COMP · FB · UVLO (DNP)U25 analog sidecluster at pins 3–6, opposite the SW node; keep FB thin and away from L22

24 V rail housekeeping: C10/C22 bulk near Q10, C11 100 nF at the load side. Keep the whole entry block in one corner so the dirty 24 V copper never crosses the board.

@@ -134,9 +139,9 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}

§3Battery backup — U6 LTC4040 kelvin

- - - + + +
RefValueBelongs toPlacement
C30 C31 C7810 µF · 2.2 µF · 220 µFVEH5V inputat U6 input pins, after RS1
C32 C33 C3447 µF ×2 · 10 µFMAIN5V outputat U6/Q7 output side
C3522 µFBAT_PLUSnear P3; /SW_BAT ≥ 2 mm polygon, /BAT_PLUS ≥ 1.5 mm — the blackout path, a hard v6 requirement
C30 C31 C7810 µF · 2.2 µF · 220 µFU6 VEH5V inputat U6 input pins, after RS1
C32 C33 C3447 µF ×2 · 10 µFU6 MAIN5V outputat U6/Q7 output side
C3522 µFU6 BAT pin → P3near P3; /SW_BAT ≥ 2 mm polygon, /BAT_PLUS ≥ 1.5 mm — the blackout path, a hard v6 requirement
RS1 (10 mΩ) is a Kelvin part: the LTC4040 sense pins must tap the pad faces themselves, not the power trace. Place RS1 immediately at U6 with L22's output feeding it directly.
@@ -145,10 +150,10 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}

The VBAT bank is a one-direction gradient into pins 55/56/57 — largest farthest, smallest touching the module:

- - - - + + + +
RefValueOrderPlacement
C130 C131220 µF/10 V ×2far endthe ≥300 µF droop reservoir (2.8 A bursts, ≤300 mV sag)
C132 → C133 → C13422 µF → 1 µF → 100 nFmiddlestepping toward the module
C135 C13633 pF · 10 pFat the pinswithin 2–3 mm of pins 55/56/57 — these keep TX harmonics off VBAT
D22SMAJ5.0Aat the bankacross VBAT near C130/C131
C130 C131220 µF/10 V ×2U19 VBAT · far endthe ≥300 µF droop reservoir (2.8 A bursts, ≤300 mV sag)
C132 → C133 → C13422 µF → 1 µF → 100 nFU19 VBAT · middlestepping toward the module
C135 C13633 pF · 10 pFU19 pins 55/56/57within 2–3 mm — these keep TX harmonics off VBAT
D22SMAJ5.0AU19 VBAT bankacross VBAT near C130/C131

VBAT copper ≥ 3 mm wide the whole way. Around the module: C125 at pin 15 (1V8 out); U22 SIM within 5 mm of pins 30–33 with C126 at its VCC pad and D23–D25 PESD at the SIM pads; U23/U24 level shifters between U19 and the MCU side, each with its supply pair (C137/C139 on 1V8, C138/C140 on 3V3) at the pins; Q20–Q22 near the control pins they drive. J13 U.FL at the board edge; the DNP pi network C146/C147 (+ its series element) sits inline in the 50 Ω run right at the connector, D28 ESD at the connector ground side.

@@ -156,10 +161,10 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}
- + - - + +
RefValueBelongs toPlacement
C11910 µFU21 input (SW_5V)at the LDO input pin
C120 C12410 µF ×23V3_GNSSone at U21 output, one at U18's main VCC entry
C120 C12410 µF ×2U21 out → U18 VCCone at U21 output, one at U18's main VCC entry
C121 C122 C123100 nF ×3U18 VCC pinsone per supply pin, at the pin
C144 C145100 nF · 100 pFVCC_RF / bias teeat L21's feed side — the antenna supply injection
C143100 nF RFDC blockinline in the 50 Ω run between L21 tap and J12
C144 C145100 nF · 100 pFU18 VCC_RF · L21 bias teeat L21's feed side — the antenna supply injection
C143100 nF RFJ12 RF line (DC block)inline in the 50 Ω run between L21 tap and J12
D27ESD9L (≤0.5 pF)J12at the connector, stub-less tap on the RF line

This corner is the victim: no switcher, no inductor, no fast digital within ~25 mm (U25 sits ~95 mm away in the SE, the fan buck ~130 mm NE — keep it that way); nothing but solid In1 ground under the module and the RF run. TIMEPULSE to the MCU is the one digital line that leaves — route it away from the RF path.

@@ -167,13 +172,13 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}

§6MCU core — U16 analog care

- - - - - - - + + + + + + +
RefValueBelongs toPlacement
C1114.7 µFVCAP1≤ 3 mm from the pin — the core regulator, non-negotiable
C109 C112100 nF · 1 µFVDDAat the VDDA pin, on the quiet side, away from the switchers
C105–C108 + C110100 nF ×4 + 4.7 µFVDD pinsone 100 nF per VDD pin, bulk nearby
C104100 nFNRSTat the pin, with P10 reset routed clean
Y3 + C113 C114HSE + 15 pFcrystaltight triangle at the pins, local ground, ≥10 mm from any inductor
Y4 + C115 C116LSE 32 kHz + 12 pFcrystaleven tighter — high-impedance oscillator, guard with ground
C5 C7 C9 C24 C157100 nF ×5ADC sense filterswith their dividers (R42, R126…) at the MCU pins, not at the jacks — the wire filters at the pin
C1114.7 µFU16 VCAP1≤ 3 mm from the pin — the core regulator, non-negotiable
C109 C112100 nF · 1 µFU16 VDDAat the VDDA pin, on the quiet side, away from the switchers
C105–C108 + C110100 nF ×4 + 4.7 µFU16 VDD pinsone 100 nF per VDD pin, bulk nearby
C104100 nFU16 NRSTat the pin, with the P6 reset jack routed clean
Y3 + C113 C114HSE + 15 pFU16 OSC pinstight triangle at the pins, local ground, ≥10 mm from any inductor
Y4 + C115 C116LSE 32 kHz + 12 pFU16 OSC32 pinseven tighter — high-impedance oscillator, guard with ground
C5 C7 C9 C24 C157100 nF ×5U16 ADC pinswith their dividers (R42, R126…) at the MCU pins, not at the jacks — the wire filters at the pin

§7The rest of the families

@@ -187,7 +192,185 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}
  • NTC channels: pullup + filter (R42+C24 → P7, R126+C157 → P8) at the MCU; P7/P8 jacks at the harness edge.
  • -

    §8Separation rules

    +

    §8Master proximity table — every discrete, its owner designator, and how close

    +

    Computed from the current board netlist (post-rename, all 300 footprints), then hand-corrected where the netlist heuristic picked a connected-but-wrong owner (ESD parts belong at connectors, ADC filters at the MCU, comp caps at their regulator). Distance classes:

    +

    🔴 GLUED ≤3 mm loop-critical — same pad ground, no via between   🟠 CLOSE ≤5 mm at the pin, short direct trace   🔵 BLOCK ≤15 mm same cluster, routing order free

    +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    RefValueGlue toWhy
    P1 — 24 V entry (SE corner)
    D10SMBJ33AP1 pin 1 (24V_IN)🔴surge clamp at the jack, before anything else
    Rig122kP1 ignition pin🔴series element right at the jack
    F22 A slow 1812P1 → Q23🔵first element in the chain
    Q23IRFR5305F2 output🔵reverse-polarity FET, chain order
    R119 D33100k · BZX84C15Q23 G–S pads🔴gate bias + 15 V clamp across the FET itself
    D32SMCJ33Abetween Q23 and C149/C150🟠clamps the line before the buck sees it
    Q10IRFR5305P1 24 V branch🔵legacy 24 V rail FET (feeds U2 + K1)
    Rrp1 DzG110k · BZX84C15Q10 G–S pads🔴gate network — the part behind the v5.5 jumper check
    C10 C2247 µF/50 V · 22 µF/50 VQ10 load side (/24V)🔵24 V rail bulk
    U25 — TPS54360B vehicle buck
    C149 C1502.2 µF/100 VU25 pins 2/7 (VIN–GND)🔴THE hot loop of the board
    D34B560CU25 SW + C149 ground🔴closes the hot loop
    C151100 µF/50 Vbehind C149/C150🟠input bulk
    C152100 nFU25 BOOT (pins 1–8)🔴boot flyer
    L2210 µH SRP1265AU25 SW pin🟠minimal SW copper
    C153 C15447 µF/16 VL22 output pad🟠VEH5V output caps; FB taps here
    R121 R12253.6k · 10.2kU25 FB pin, tap at C153🟠thin trace, away from L22's field
    R123 C155 C15613k · 6.8 nF · 39 pFU25 COMP pin🟠compensation — quiet side, short ground
    R120162kU25 RT pin🟠frequency-set, short ground
    R124 R125UVLO (DNP)U25 EN pin🟠divider lands here if fitted
    U6 — LTC4040 battery backup (+P3)
    RS110 mΩ 1%U6 sense pins🔴Kelvin — sense routes from the pad faces
    L62.2 µH/8 AU6 SW pins🔴charger/boost loop tight
    C30 C31 C7810 µF · 2.2 µF · 220 µFU6 VIN, after RS1🟠VEH5V bank at the input pins
    C32 C33 C3447 µF ×2 · 10 µFU6 MAIN5V output / Q7🟠output bank
    C3522 µFU6 BAT pin → P3🟠on the wide /BAT_PLUS copper
    Q7AO4406AU6 gate/PowerPath side🟠the blackout switch
    R50825R 1%U6 PROG pin🔴precision current-program R
    R51 R52270k · 100kU6 PFI pin🟠power-fail divider
    R53 R54499k · 100kU6 FB pin🟠boost feedback
    R5510k 1%U6 NTC pin🟠pack-thermistor divider (probe enters at P3)
    JP2 JP3 JP4F-strapsU6 F0/F1/F2 pins🔵logic straps
    R56 R57 R58100k ×3U6 ↔ U16 route🔵status/enable pulls, anywhere on the line
    TP1 TP2CLPROG · PFOU6 block edge🔵probe access
    U2 — MP1584 fan buck (+P4)
    C11100 nFU2 VIN pin🔴non-sync input loop (C10/C22 bulk behind)
    Dbk1SS34U2 SW + input ground🔴catch diode — same loop
    Cbst110 nFU2 BOOT–SW🔴boot flyer
    L210 µHU2 SW🟠minimal SW copper
    C2322 µF/16 VL2 output → P4🟠5V_FAN output cap
    R20 R21100k · 19.1kU2 FB, tap at C23🟠feedback divider
    Rcomp1 Ccomp140.2k · 2.2 nFU2 COMP pin🟠compensation
    Rfreq1100kU2 FREQ pin🟠frequency-set
    Ren1 Ren2100k · 20kU2 EN pin🔵enable divider
    D2SS34P4 pins🔴flyback right at the fan jack
    Q2 Rgs1AO3400A · 100kP4 return · Rgs1 on Q2 G–S🟠low-side switch at the jack, G–S resistor glued
    Q5 Rg1MMBT3904 · 100RQ2 gate🔵gate driver stage
    JP10RP4 5V_FAN link🔵current-measure link
    U20 — AP64350 modem buck
    C127 C12810 µF · 1 µFU20 VIN pin 2🔴sync input loop — 1 µF closest of all
    C129100 nFU20 BOOT–SW🔴boot flyer
    L204.7 µH/5 AU20 SW🟠minimal SW copper
    D21PMEG3050EPU20 VIN feed🟠input ORing
    D20SS3424 V → U20 input branch🔵feed diode
    R110 R11175k · 20kU20 FB pin🟠feedback divider
    R116 C141 C14214k · 3.3 nF · 47 pFU20 COMP pin🟠compensation
    R117200k 1%U20 RT pin🟠frequency-set
    R113100kU20 EN pin🔵enable pull
    U19 — A7670SA modem (+U22 SIM · U23/U24 · K1 · J13)
    C135 C13633 pF · 10 pFU19 pins 55/56/57🔴TX-harmonic filters — the closest of the bank
    C134 C133 C132100 nF → 1 µF → 22 µFstepping back from those pins🟠the gradient
    C130 C131220 µF/10 V ×2far end of U19's VBAT bank🔵≥300 µF burst reservoir
    D22SMAJ5.0Aat C130/C131🟠VBAT clamp
    R1121kU19 VBAT side🔵bleed/monitor
    C1252.2 µFU19 pin 15 (1V8 out)🔴LDO output cap
    U22SIM (fp TBD)U19 pins 30–33, ≤5 mm🟠unshielded SIM bus
    C126100 nFU22 VCC pad🔴SIM supply
    D23 D24 D25PESD5V0S1BAU22 SIM pads🔴ESD at the socket, not mid-route
    U23 U2474LVC2T45between U19 and U16🔵level shifters sit on the path
    C137 C139100 nFU23/U24 1V8 pins🔴supply pair, one each
    C138 C140100 nFU23/U24 3V3 pins🔴supply pair, one each
    Q20 R1142N7002 · 100kU19 PWRKEY side🔵open-drain driver
    Q21 R1152N7002 · 100kU19 RESET side🔵open-drain driver
    R109 Q22 Rmled1 D4G1NETLIGHT chainU19 netlight pin → LED at a visible spot🔵status LED driver
    R106 R107 R108100R · 0R ×2U23/U24 line ends🔵UART series elements
    TP8USB_BOOTU19 BOOT pin🔵probe access
    R118 C146 C1470R · DNP piinline in the 50 Ω run, U19 RF pad → J13🔴matching seats — zero stubs
    D28ESD9LJ13🔴at the connector, stub-less
    D61N4148WK1 coil pins🔴flyback across the coil
    Q6 R2 C101MMBT3904 · 10k · 22 µFK1 coil side🟠relay driver + coil supply cap
    U18 — ZED-F9P GNSS (+U21 LDO · J12)
    C121 C122 C123100 nF ×3U18 VCC pins, one each🔴per-pin decouplers
    C120 C12410 µF ×2U21 output · U18 VCC entry🔴LDO stability + local bulk
    C11910 µFU21 input pin🔴LDO input
    C3 C4047 µF · 22 µFSW_5V feed near U21🟠upstream bulk
    Q1AO3401Aupstream of U21 on SW_5V🔵rail switch
    R10510kU18 pull-up🔵strap
    L21 C144 C14568 nH · 100 nF · 100 pFbias-tee tap on the 50 Ω run🔴antenna supply injection
    C143100 nF RFinline, L21 tap → J12🔴DC block
    D27ESD9L ≤0.5 pFJ12🔴at the connector, stub-less
    U16 — STM32 MCU (+Y3/Y4 · J11/J9 USB · sense jacks)
    C1114.7 µFU16 VCAP1 pin🔴core regulator — non-negotiable
    R10410RU16 VDDA feed🔴analog supply filter element
    C109 C112100 nF · 1 µFU16 VDDA pin, behind R104🔴analog decoupling
    C105 C106 C107 C108100 nF ×4one per U16 VDD pin🔴the netlist pass parked C106–C108 near U3 — they are U16's, bring them back
    C1104.7 µFU16 VDD bulk🟠local reservoir
    C104100 nFU16 NRST pin🔴the P6 jack just routes to it
    Y3 C113 C11425 MHz · 15 pFU16 OSC pins🔴tight triangle, local ground
    Y4 C115 C11632.768 kHz · 12 pFU16 OSC32 pins🔴tighter still — high-impedance osc
    R5 R6 C510k ×2 · 100 nFU16 BAT_SENSE ADC pin🟠divider + filter at the pin
    R7 R8 C710k ×2 · 100 nFU16 5V_SENSE ADC pin🟠divider + filter at the pin
    Rig2 Rigb1 C9 D522k · 3.3k · 100 nF · BAT54U16 IGN_SENSE ADC pin🟠divider + filter + clamp at the pin
    R42 C2410k 1% · 100 nFU16 NTC1 ADC pin — P7 is just the jack🟠the probe wire filters at the pin
    R126 C15710k 1% · 100 nFU16 NTC2 ADC pin (PC4) — P8 is just the jack🟠same rule
    R98 R9910k ×2U16 BOOT straps🔵anywhere in the block
    Rdfu122kU16 USART1_RX🔵series element
    TP3 TP4 TP5SWDIO · SWCLK · NRSTU16 side / P6 side🔵probe access
    R1 R40 R561k · 1k · 100kcontrol lines U16 → power blocks🔵anywhere along the route
    D17LED (blue)U16 PC13 vicinity, visible🔵heartbeat LED
    Q4 Rled1AO3400A · 10knear the P9/P10 edge🔵external-LED driver
    D13SS34J11 VBUS🟠VBUS ORing
    D14 D15 D16PESD5V0S1BAJ11 pads (DP/DM/VBUS)🔴ESD at the jack — never mid-route
    R100 R1015.1kJ11 CC pads🔴USB-C sink ID
    Rcc1 Rcc25.1kJ9 CC pads🔴USB-C sink ID
    U11 — W5500 Ethernet (+U12 buck · Y1 · J10)
    C9010 µFU11 TOCAP pin🔴internal-regulator cap
    C914.7 µFU11 1V2 pin🔴core rail
    C92 C93 C98100 nF ×3U11 VCC pins, one each🔴per-pin decouplers
    C94 C10210 µF · 22 µFU11 supply entry🟠local bulk
    Y1 C95 C9625 MHz · 18 pFU11 XI/XO pins🔴tight triangle
    R8312.4k 1%U11 RSET pin🔴precision bias — short, clean ground
    R8410kU11 PMODE🔵strap
    R92 R9349.9R 1%U11 TX pins → J10🔴line terminations
    R94 R95 C9749.9R ×2 · 6.8 nFJ10 center taps🔴Bob Smith / RCT network at the magjack
    C103100 µF/6.3 VJ10 3V3 feed🟠magnetics supply bulk
    R96 R97330RJ10 LED pins🔵link/act LEDs
    D11SS34U12 SW + input ground🔴ETH buck catch diode
    C10010 nFU12 BOOT🔴boot flyer
    L810 µH/2 AU12 SW🟠minimal SW copper
    R85 R86 R87 R88FREQ · COMP · FBU12 pins🟠housekeeping at the IC
    U17 — AMS1117 3V3 LDO
    C11710 µFU17 IN pin🔴LDO input
    C11822 µF/16 VU17 OUT pin🔴LDO output / 3V3 bulk
    D12SS34U17 input feed🟠feed ORing
    Serial block — U15 RS232 · U10 UART · U14 RS485 · U13 expander
    C85 C86 C87 C88100 nF ×4U15 pump pins, hard against the IC🔴flying caps carry the pump current
    C84100 nFU15 VCC pin🔴supply
    Y2 C82 C831.8432 MHz · 22 pFU10 XTAL pins🔴tight triangle
    R30 R314.7kU10 side of the I2C bus🔵bus pull-ups
    R80 R8110kU10 RST/IRQ🔵pulls
    C81 C89100 nF ×2U14 VCC (one is spare)🔴supply
    R82 JP5120R · strapP11 RS485 jack🟠termination lives at the connector
    C80100 nFU13 VCC pin🔴supply
    RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4
    DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4
    120R + LED ×4U13 outputs → LEDs at the visible edge🔵the netlist pass parked DB1–DB4 at U25 — they belong with U13
    U26 — SC7A20 accelerometer (at MH6)
    C158 C159100 nF ×2U26 VDD/VDDIO pins🔴one per supply pin
    C16010 µFU26 bulk🟠local reservoir; U26 itself ≤10 mm from MH6
    Panel · sensors · leftovers
    Cu3100 nFU3 SHT40 VDD pin🔴sensor supply
    Cu4100 nF— spare (ex-TMP102)🔵reassign to any bare VDD pin or delete
    C992.2 nFU17/U12 area rail bypass🔵verify its role in the sch before final spot
    R4110kU3/U16 I2C area🔵pull-up strap
    R3 D1120R · LEDP9 pins🔵R3 at the jack
    R89 R90 R91120R ×3P10 pins🟠series at the jack — the wire radiates otherwise
    D18 R102 R103LED (green) · 1k ×23V3 rail, visible spot🔵power LED
    TP6 TP7GND · 3V3anywhere reachable🔵probe access
    +
    Rail 100 nF rule, restated: every plain 100 nF above pairs with exactly one IC power pin and moves with that IC forever. If you relocate an IC during fine-tuning, its 🔴 rows move in the same drag.
    + +

    §9Separation rules

    @@ -198,7 +381,7 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}
    Keep apartMinWhy
    GNSS island ↔ any switcher L / SW node25 mm−167 dBm receiver vs. dV/dt fields
    U26 accel ↔ mounting hole≤ 10 mm (close!)chassis coupling, not board flex
    -

    §9Order of work from here

    +

    §10Order of work from here

    1. Update PCB from Schematic (NTC2 re-net), then fine-tune inside the §1 regions. Field wiring now enters mostly along the north edge + P1 at the SE corner — keep each connector beside its block, and its TVS/filter parts right at the jack, so cable common-mode currents stay off the board core.
    2. Say the word and I re-add the four zones — F.Cu GND pour, In1 GND (unbroken, especially under both RF runs and the crystals), In2 3V3, B.Cu GND — plus a stitching-via plan: 5 mm grid around RF, via fence along the board edge.
    3. @@ -207,5 +390,5 @@ a{color:var(--plane)}
    4. Bench items carried forward: measure U21's 3V3_GNSS rise (F9P ramp window), verify U25's EP against the TI DDA drawing, and the DzG1 jumper check on the fabbed v5.5 boards.
    -

    EinarBoard HBOX v6 · Helgen · updated 03-Sep-2026: clustered layout + connector renumber (c7d2552 · 43a967b · b007c7c).

    +

    EinarBoard HBOX v6 · Helgen · updated 04-Sep-2026: master proximity table (§8) from the live netlist; sch↔pcb designators verified in sync (P1–P12, 0 mismatches).